Ellipsis after Auxiliary verbs 省略助动词的内容
ellipsis是英语的特征，是“省略”和“替换”的意思，指的是省略重复的短语或用简短的词来替换重复的内容。
●助动词后面可以不加实义动词，如下面的简短回答：
Can you swim?
-No, I can’t. (=No, I can’t swim)
Must they come with us?
-Yes, they must.(=Yes, they must come)
Did you see him?
-Yes. I did(=Yes, I saw him.)
上文的简短回答里面分别省略了swim, come, see, 不过还是可以从上下文里推断句子的意思。
●其它类型的句子也常省略重复的实义动词。
*下面的（）里是不用省略的情况。
Jane can’t swim, but I can.
(Jine can’t swim, but I can swim.) 简不会游泳，但是我会。
I couyldn’t go, so we had to find someone. Who could.
(I couldn’t go ,so we had to find someone who could go.)我去不了，所以我们必须找一个能去的人。
Will you help or will John? (Will you help or will John help?)你能帮忙还是约翰能帮忙？
The dog was hit by the car and so wa the cat. (The dog was hit by the car and so was the cat hit the car.)
狗被车撞了，猫也被车撞了。
●不仅可以省略实义动词，还可以省略实义动词后面的一连串重复内容，只用一个助动词来代替。
I’d like to go to the concert. Would you?
(I’d like to go to the concert. Would you like to go to the concert?)
我想去音乐会，你也要去吗？
You should see the doctor and have your heart checked.
-You ‘re right, I should.
(You should see the doctor and have your heart checked. –You’re right, I should see the doctor and have my heart checked.)
你应该去看医生，并做一个心脏检查。你说得对，我应该去看医生。
●即使前一句没有用这个助动词，在后一句里也可以用它。
I’m going there, even though I know I shouldn’t.
(I’m going there, even though I know I shouldn’t go there.)
我打算去，尽管我知道我不该去。
They tried to save him, but they couldn’t.
(They tried to save hiom, but they couldn’t save.)
他们努力救他，可他们没能救得了他。
I haven’t done my homework, but I will.
(I haven’t done my homework, but I will do my homework.)我还没做作业，但是我要做。
Ellipsis: Using’do’ instead of a Verb 省略：用do来代替一般动词
●可以用do来代替重复的实义动词或动词短语。
Jane likes whisky, and John does, too.
(Jane likes whisky, and John likes Whisky, too.)简喜欢威士忌，约翰也喜欢威士忌。
They saw the accident, but I didn’t.
(They saw the accident, but I didn’t see the accdient.)他们看见了事故，但是我没看见。
Jhon doesn’t smoke, and Jane doesn’t either.
(John doesn’t smoke, and Jane doesn’t smoke either.)约翰不吸烟，简也不吸烟。
不过，谓语是be的时候，就不能用do来替换。
Fran is a dentist, and Sam is, too.
(Fran is a dentist, and sam is a dentist, too.弗兰是牙医，山姆也是一个牙医。
Mary is happy, but John isn’t happy.)
玛丽是幸福的，但是约翰不幸福。
My face isn’t red , and yours isn’t red either.)
我的脸不红，你的脸也不红。
在含有too和either的句子里，还可以分别使用so 和either，这时主语和动词要倒置。
Jane likes whisky, and John does, too.
"Jane likes whisky, and so does John.
John doesn’t smoke, and Jane doesn’t either.
"John doesn’t smoke, and neither doesJane.
Fran is a denitist, and Sam is, too.
"Fran is a dentist, and so is Sam.
Ellipsis:Verb+ ‘to’ 省略：动词+to
●当实义动词或助动词后含有不定式时，学会保留to, 省略后面的内容。
I don’t want to see him, but I ought to.
(I don’t want to see him, but I ought to see him.) 我不想见他，但是不得不见。
You can win if you really want to.
(You can win if you really want to win.) 只要真正想赢，你就能赢。
Will you resign from the company if they ask you to?
(Will you resign from the company if they ask you to resign from the company?)如果他们让你辞职，你会离开公司吗？
Ellipsis: verb+ ‘so’ 省略：动词+so
●可以用动词+so来避免重复， 这时的动词有hope, think, believe等。
I don’t know if the party starts at eight, but I think so.
(I don’t know if the party starts at eight, but I think that it starts at eight.)
我不知道晚会是不是8点开始， 但是我想是。
Is this Queen ill?-I don’t believe so.
(Is the Queen ill? -I don’t believe the Queen is ill.)女王病了吗？我不这么认为。
Using ‘do’ for Emphasis 用do表示强调
●可以用助动词do强调实义动词。
I do like chocolate.我确实喜欢巧克力。
Jane does talk a lot.简非常受说话。
I did warn you.我确实警告过你。
●表示强调的do,还可以用来反驳别人的话。
Jane can’t get a job because she didn’t go to university.
-But she did go to university.但是，简真的上过大学。
There’s no point in asking James. Because he doesn’t want the job.
-You’re wrong. He does want the job.你错了，他非常想要工作。
