HOULD HAVE, OUGHT TO HAVE   should have, ought to

前面已经出现过should和ought to。二者的意思很相似，ought to更强一些，而在形式上的区别就是should后面接不加to的不定式。而ought 接加to的不定式。二者都有很多意思，常见的是下面两个含义。

①有义务，道义上正确的

　She should be nicer to her mother.她应该对她妈妈好一些。

He ought to help his brother.他应该帮助他哥哥。

②做……是明智的

  You should see a doctor.你应该看医生。

  We ought to take some warm colthes.我们应该带一些保暖的衣服。

现在，我们来回答对方的问话。看一下这个例子：

  Should I help him?

  -Yes, you ought to help him.

 

SHOULD HAVE, OUGHT TO HAVE  should have, ought to have

should have 和ought to have表示过去虽然是这样，但如果不这样做，那样做的话才是“正确”、“明智‘的做法：

We should have been kinder to our parents.我们本该对自己的父母更好一些。

He should have bough a bigger one.他本该买个更大的。

我们来回答对方的问话：

Should he have helped them?

-Yes, he ought to have helped them.

should 和ough to 还有一个意思，即“应该……”。

例如：

They should arrive in about an hour.他们应该一个小时左右到。

We ought to see the lights of Paris at any moment.在巴黎我们应该时刻注意交通灯。

should have 和ought to have 的过去进也一样可以表示“本应该发生……”：

He ought to/should have arrived by now. 他现在应该到了。

这么说的人可能已经知道他仍然没有来。

He ought to have arrived by now, but he hasn’t.他现在应该到了，但是还没到。

或者说话者什么也不知道。

He should have arrived by now. Let’s call him.他现在应该到了。我给他打个电话问问。

 

MODAL VERBS IN THE PAST：CONTRACTIONS 情态动词的过去时：缩略形式

在情态动词过去时的肯定句里，助动词have通常发/ Ev/音。否定句里通常把not缩写成n’t，加在情态动词的后面。 在书写的时候，一般不缩在一起，而说话的时候，一般都会用缩略形式。请看正在有关的词：

原形           缩略形式

I should have done it.         I should’ve done it.

I should not have done it.      I should n’t done it.

I might have seen you.        He might ‘ve seen you.

He might not have seen you.   He might’ve seen you.

 

MODAL VERBS IN THE PAST: NEGATIVES   情态动词的过去时：否定句

我们所见过的情态动词的过去时都是肯定句，而否定句的中下所示：主语+情态动词+not+have+过去分词

例如：

You would not have got a better job.

He may not have gone shopping.

They ought not to have paid him.

 

MODAL VERBS IN THE PAST:QUESTIONS   情态动词的过去时：疑问句

情态动词过去时的疑问句如下所示：

情态动词+主语+have+过去分词

而否定疑问句如下所示：

情态动词+n’t+主语+have+过去分词

例如：

Should you have said that?

Shouldn’t he have called you?

Mightn’t he have forgotten?

 

MULTI-WORD VERBS: WITH’ACROSS’   across的短语动词

across的基本意思是“从一边到另一边”。首先，可以像下面这样表示空间上的意思：

We went across the square.我们穿过广场。

I helped her across the road.我帮她过马路。

We couldn’t get across the river.我们过不了河。

我们看一下三个用across的例子：

①come across:偶然发现；偶然遇到

  I came across this old photo yesterday while I was cleaning.昨天我打扫卫生的时候偶然发现这张老照片。

②run acros：偶然碰到

  I ran across an old school friendwhile I was in London.我在伦敦的时候与我的老校友偶遇。

③put across/get across:解释清楚；说明白

  He tried to put across his ideas, but he couldn’t get anything across.他努力表达他的想法，但是别人还是不明白。