用法说明与练习见《大学英语语法和词汇练习手册》p93－103

1．不定式

【考点一』不带to 的动词不定式。

                 感官动词(feel, see, hear, watch, notice, observe) 和使役动词（make, let, have）后常用不带to 的动词不定式作宾补。但在被动句中to不能省。

『考点二』记清不定式、现在分词、过去分词作使役动词宾补的区别。

              现在分词作使役动词宾补表示“使…不停地（做某事）”。

           过去分词作使役动词宾补含被动意义。

           不带to 的不定式作使役动词宾补强调动作地全过程。

『考点三』记住只用动词不定式作宾语的动词。如：

want，wish，hope，manage，demand，promise，refuse，pretend，plan， offer，decide，agree，expect， intend等。

 

2． 分词

【考点一』作状语的分词的逻辑主语和句子的主语要一致。

『考点二』现在分词表示正在进行，主动；过去分词表示已经完成、被动。

『考点三』熟记一些固定的分词词组，如：taking...into consideration 考虑到，judging by /from 从……判断，talking about 说到……，speaking of 说到……，looking at 考虑到、着眼于，generally speaking 一般说来，allowing for 考虑到……

Generally speaking, boys are more interested in such activities that girls.

Allowing for the deficiencies(不足), the show is a success.

 

3．动名词

【考点一』记住只用动名词作宾语的动词：

admit，appreciate，avoid，consider，delay，dislike，enjoy，escape，excuse，finish，forgive，imagine， keep，mind，miss，practice，resist， risk，suggest，deny等

『考点二』“动词＋介词”结构后也要用动名词作介宾。特别注意 look forward to, devote to, be used to, object to 中to 是介词

『考点三』可以用不定式也可用动名词作宾语的动词，但意义不同。这类动词包括：stop, go on, try, mean, remember, forget, regret

『考点四』注意动名词的复合结构、否定式、完成式、被动式。

『考点五』独立主格结构多以逻辑主语＋分词的形式出现

 

 

反意疑问句句子由两部分构成 ，即陈述句 ＋ 反问句 ，在形式上通常遵循前肯定后否定或前否定后肯定以及反问句的主 、谓须与陈述句主 、谓相一致的原则。例：

Your father goes to work by bus every day, doesn’t he?

They were disappointed at the meeting, weren’t they?

He has two pens, hasn’t he？doesn’t he?

He can not  make paper boat, can he?

1．陈述句的反意疑问句要注意的结构

1）陈述部分含have to结构，反问句谓语一般用 do的形式.
Jack has to go there on foot, doesn't he?
注意：

A. 当 have to 被 have got to 取代时，反问句谓语须用 have .

We have got to answer all these questions, haven't we ?

B. 陈述部分谓语用 used to 结构，反问句谓语用 didn't 或 usedn't 或 used ＋主＋ not .
They used to live in the city, usedn't they ?
He used to get up very early, didn't he ?
You used to play football, used you not?

C. 陈述部分用 I am ... 结构 ，反问句谓语用 aren't 或 ain't 或 am I not .
I am your friend, am I not ?
I am on time , aren't / ain't I ?

2． 感叹句的反意疑问句 ，其反问句一般使用否定式。

What fine weather, isn't it ?
How hard she works, doesn't she ?
How clever the boy is, isn't he ?

3. 陈述部分用 I wish ... 结构 ，反问句常用 may I 形式 。

I wish I had met him, may I ?
I wish I were a bird, may I ?

4. 祈使句附加反问句分下面几种情况 :

1 ) 肯定祈使句＋will you ? 多表“ 请求 ”。
   Come here early next time, will you ?
    肯定祈使句＋won't you ? 多表“ 邀请或劝诱”。
   Have a cup of coffee, won't you?
2 ) 否定祈使句＋will you ?
   Don't be late again, will you ?
  但在否定祈使句后不能使用 won't you .
3 ) Let's ... + shall we ?
   Let's begin our class, shall we ?
   而 Let us / me / him ..., 则应用 will you ?/ may I?
   Let me have a try, will you?
   Let me help you, may I?

5． 复合句的反意疑问句

复合句的反意疑问句的主语和谓语与主句的主语和谓语保持一致。

1）主语是从句时，反意疑问句主语一般用it。

               What I have done is all for you, isn’t it?

2) 含有宾语从句时, 反意疑问句的主谓要和主句的主谓保持一致。例：

               You never mentioned you would go to Beijing, did you?

               He doesn’t suppose you’re a great success, does he?

l         注意：

在think, believe, guess, suppose, imagine 等表示“认为、以为”的动词后面接宾语从句，且主语是I ( We )时，要否定转移，即反意疑问句的主谓要和宾语从句的主谓保持一致。例：

               I think he'll be back in 3 days, won't he?
   I don't believe that they have known it, have they?

3）由but, and, or 引导的并列句，反意疑问句按就近一致的原则。例：

              The meeting is not over, but we can leave now, can’t we?

              He studies hard and he is the best student here, isn’t he?

6． 陈述部分含有 few, little, seldom, hardly, never, not, no, no one, nobody, nothing, none, neither 等否定词，反问句应用肯定结构。
He seldom comes here, does he ?
You know little French, do you ?

7. 陈述部分所含的否定词是加前缀或后缀所构成的 ，反问句要用否定结构。例：
 He is quite careless , isn't he ?
 It is unfair , isn't it ?

8. 陈述部分用neither ... nor ... , both ... and ...连接二个主语，反问句主语常用复数。
 Neither you nor I am wrong，are we ?
 Both Tom and Mary are new here, aren't they ?

9. 陈述部分用 too ... to ... , 表 “ 太 …… 以致不能 …… ”，反问句用肯定形式。
 He is too excited to say a word , is he ?
 They are too tired to go any farther, are they?

10. 陈述部分用so开头，反问句用“同向” 反问形式，表惊讶，不满，怀疑等情绪 。
 So you are getting married, are you?
 So you don't want to go with us, don't you?